(2017). Lzaro-Muoz G., LeDoux J. E., Cain C. K. (2010). This region, sometimes referred to as the extended amygdala because of its close anatomical connections and overlapping function, plays a critical role in situations where threat is more ambiguous and/or distant in space or time (Lebow and Chen, 2016; Shackman and Fox, 2016; Klumpers et al., 2017). Approach-approach conflict and avoidance-avoidance conflict are both interpersonal, meaning within oneself. In fact, freezing may facilitate value-based decision processes by optimizing threat perception and action preparation. Sympathetic innervation controls homeostasis of neuromuscular junctions in health and disease. These decisions and the emotional state of ambivalence cause stress. Gozzi A., Jain A., Giovanelli A., Bertollini C., Crestan V., Schwarz A. J., et al. Yu K., da Silva P. G., Albeanu D. F., Li B. Approach-avoidance occurs when an individual moves closer to a seemingly desirable object, only to have the potentially negative consequences of contacting that object push back against the closing behavior. Hermans E. J., Henckens M. J. The key proposal of this model is that the parasympathetically dominated state of freezing immediately following threat detection may be associated with biasing of subsequent decisions. This independent face prime was shown prior to an instrumental (monetary punished or rewarded) approach-avoidance decision. Schlund M. W., Brewer A. T., Magee S. K., Richman D. M., Solomon S., Ludlum M., et al. In our model approach-avoidance action decisions are determined not only by the predicted reward and aversive values of the action outcome but also by the costs of switching to action. David Wechsler on Intelligence | Overview, Tests & Scale. It also demonstrated an association between freezing and the interaction between the response mode and subjective value of the choice options. Importantly, the amygdala-PAG pathway is also critically implicated in initiating threat-anticipatory freezing and thus accounts for a pathway that may increase the weight of the aversive outcome. Bach D. R., Guitart-Masip M., Packard P. A., Mir J., Falip M., Fuentemilla L., et al. - Definition and Stages, Conflict Resolution: Managing Conflict in Organizations, Mediation & Arbitration: Third-Party Interventions in Organizations, Bargaining Strategies in Conflict Resolution: Distributive and Integrative Bargaining, What is Negotiation? Williams, A.J. Immobility is defined as being stuck, or unable to sustain any consistent attempt to resolve the crisis. (1998). Received 2020 Oct 26; Accepted 2021 Mar 10. Transcranial focused ultrasound alters conflict and emotional processing, physiology, and performance I: dorsal anterior cingulate cortex targeting. Otherwise, freezing and fight/flight are associated with prepotent action tendencies. Sokolov V. E., Shabadash S. A., Zelikina T. I. Conditioned fear-induced tachycardia in the rat; vagal involvement. The tipping point: value differences and parallel dorsalventral frontal circuits gating human approachavoidance behavior. For example, the decision maker might approach proposing to a partner with excitement because of the positive aspects of marriage. This produces three parameters that model the three stages of possible freezing influence on the approach-avoid decision. Therefore, before an approach or avoid action is taken, the threat-anticipatory freezing state could provide a window in which value-based decision-making processes could occur. . and implications for defensive action. The negative effects of the decision help influence the decision maker to avoid the goal or event, while the positive effects influence the decision maker to want to approach or proceed with the goal or event. It is not always the case that freezing would bias to a higher action cost. Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via temporally interfering electric fields. An active (positive) response bias results in a greater probability of approach (positive ), while a passive response bias produces the opposite effect (negative ). Geurts D. E. M., Huys Q. J. M., den Ouden H. E. M., Cools R. (2013). Opposite avoidance responses might be observed: immobility (freezing, crouching) or movement (fight-or-flight responses; running, jumping). Active vs. reactive threat responding is associated with differential c-Fos expression in specific regions of amygdala and prefrontal cortex. An error occurred trying to load this video. Seymour B., ODoherty J. P., Koltzenburg M., Wiech K., Frackowiak R., Friston K., et al. Hashemi M. M., Zhang W., Kaldewaij R., Koch S. B. J., Jonker R., Figner B., et al. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Lack or destruction of emotional stability, balance, or poise in the organism. Ottens, & A.E. Khan M. M., Lustrino D., Silveira W. A., Wild F., Straka T., Issop Y., et al. Hierarchical brain networks active in approach and avoidance goal pursuit. The Plus, your company has a policy that you must work there for a minimum of one year after you complete the courses, or you will have to pay the company back. Vanishing twin syndrome usually occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy. Heart rate and skin conductance analysis of antecendents and consequences of decision making. Morecraft R. J., Stilwell-Morecraft K. S., Cipolloni P. B., Ge J., McNeal D. W., Pandya D. N. (2012). The .gov means its official. However, they create different outcomes and experiences. Behavioral responses to a crisis are assessed and categorized as (1) approach, (2) avoidance, or (3) immobility. The hierarchical nature of behavioural control is delineated, including the role played by conscious awareness in behavioural inhibition and the combined effects of these systems are outlined. 8600 Rockville Pike See also approach-approach conflict. (2017). However, such autonomic changes may also influence subsequent instrumental approach-avoidance decisions. Talmi D., Dayan P., Kiebel S. J., Frith C. D., Dolan R. J. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 0000001560 00000 n Afferent connections of the dorsal, perigenual, and subgenual anterior cingulate cortices of the monkey: amygdalar inputs and intrinsic connections. The valence of stimuli is at the core of the distinction between approach and . Now you understand that you've been facing approach-avoidance conflict. Let's look at a couple examples of the approach-avoidance conflict in action. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Brammer J. C., Van Peer J. M., Van Rooij M. M. J. W., Oostenveld R., Klumpers F., Michela A., et al. (2016). (2016). After watching the video, you should have the knowledge to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Myer, R.C. The approach-avoidance conflict involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative ramifications. The association between serotonin transporter availability and the neural correlates of fear bradycardia. You go back and forth until you meet your equilibrium point and make a final decision. Moreover, clinical research shows that patients with anxiety-related disorders display chronically elevated autonomic activity (Brawman-Mintzer and Lydiard, 1997; Brosschot et al., 2016). Vanishing Twin Syndrome. It is another type of conflict that is difficult to resolve since it produces ambivalence ( the person experiences both positive and negative feelings . Overshadowed by the amygdala: the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis emerges as key to psychiatric disorders. Namely, active avoidance (e.g., leaving a party to not engage in social interaction) may be more costly than passive avoidance strategies (e.g., not initiate eye contact to avoid a conversation). Action versus valence in decision making. Fadok J. P., Krabbe S., Markovic M., Courtin J., Xu C., Massi L., et al. In the behavioral domain, the author rated Jordan as number 2 in avoidance and number 1 in immobility. Although this state of freezing has been linked to altered information processing and action preparation, a full theoretical treatment of the interactions with value-based decision making has not yet been achieved. Approach-avoidance conflict occurs when an individual is faced with a decision to pursue or avoid something that has advantages and disadvantages. He stated that a person experiences a conflict when two main tendencies of their behavior collide. Reaction time, cerebral blood flow, and heart rate responses in fibromyalgia: Evidence of alterations in attentional control. Neural substrates of approach-avoidance conflict decision-making. Devinsky O., Morrell M. J., Vogt B. Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. This leads the person to avoid the goal. Active and passive avoidance have also been associated with distinct neural pathways (Gozzi et al., 2010; Levita et al., 2012; Eldar et al., 2016; Tovote et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2016; Fadok et al., 2017). R.A. Human studies have shown that the magnitude of the freezing response is associated with altered information processing (Lojowska et al., 2015) and action preparation (Mobbs and Kim, 2015; Gladwin et al., 2016; Hashemi et al., 2019a,b; Rsler and Gamer, 2019). the unknown books of the essenes pdf x x an evolutionarily conserved response to threat demonstrated across species and characterized by immobility and bradycardia. Acutely challenging or threatening situations frequently require approach-avoidance decisions. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. In this task, participants were presented choices of varying monetary and shock levels, and required to make an approach-avoidance decision in both passive and active action conditions. Interoception, homeostatic emotions and sympathovagal balance. The influence of the negative and positive aspects create a conflict because the decision maker has to either proceed toward the goal or avoid the goal altogether. (2014). FHK, BB, AH, SM, LH, and FK: reviewing and editing. This dilemma places vital selection pressures on our body, as we often need to execute a fast and appropriate response. From avoidance to approach: the influence of threat-of-shock on reward-based decision making. Contents [ hide] What is approach avoidance conflict? The circular arrows show the forward process of value comparison generating action, and the reverse process whereby action costs may retroactively affect value computations via a feedback loop. The conflict causes stress as you go back and forth trying to make a decision. The Approach-Avoidance Cycle (AAC) - also known as the Pursuer-Distancer Dynamic, Push-Pull Relationship, or Engulfment vs. Abandonment - is a pattern that emerges in relationships where one individual wants more of something (or wants the other person to change in some way) - this is the pursuer- and the other individual resists or withdraws - this is the distancer. A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance. In two studies, we applied an approach-avoidance motivational framework to investigate predictors and consequences of motives for touch in romantic relationships. This is in keeping with findings that decision making can be biased by the motor costs of responses (Hagura et al., 2017): response initiation is not simply an output of higher-level decisions but an interaction integrally involving the effort cost of behavior. Every decision you make comes with some sort of conflict. (2016). Immobility in hospitalised elderly patients can lead to many complications and challenges. Estimation of individual subject parameters on behavioral data can then be used in parametric modelling of neural activity in the relevant brain areas discussed in Figure 2. Approach-avoidance conflicts as elements of stress were first introduced by psychologist Kurt Lewin, one of the founders of modern social psychology.. Overview. Bradley M. M., Miccoli L., Escrig M. A., Lang P. J. Roles of the amygdala and basal forebrain in defense: a reply to luyck et al. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you and transmitted securely. Research on the neural organization and functions of the dorsal striatum in movement disorders, such as Huntington's and Parkinson's Disease, can inform the study of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in motivational disorders, such as addiction and depression. Animals and humans learn about the spatial and temporal characteristics of the environment and their emotional consequences. trailer Avoidance is defined as an active attempt to escape or bypass problems associated with the crisis. Since there are both advantages and disadvantages to this goal, you are facing approach-avoidance conflict. Klumpers F., Kroes M. C. W., Baas J. M. P., Fernndez G. (2017). Before presenting the new model, we provide an overview of the freezing state in the brain and body in the section The Threat-Anticipatory Freezing State, and describe evidence that threat-induced autonomic states exert influence on approach-avoidance decisions in the section Threat-Anticipatory Freezing Is Associated With Information Gathering and Action Preparation. We then more closely examine the case of value-based decisions in the section Threat-Anticipatory Freezing Could Bias Value-Based Decisions, and the separable processes of valuation and action preparation in the section Threat-Anticipatory Freezing Could Bias the Switch to Action, demonstrating how the freezing state may affect each of these in turn. While our body prepares to take the action, a characteristic pattern of heightened sympathetic arousal and parasympathetically driven immobility and bradycardia occurs (Nijsen et al., 1998; Bradley et al., 2001; Azevedo et al., 2005; Vila et al., 2007; Hagenaars et al., 2014; Gladwin et al., 2016): a bodily state referred to as threat-anticipatory freezing (Kozlowska et al., 2015; Roelofs, 2017). (2018). Die hard: a blend of freezing and fleeing as a dynamic defenseimplications for the control of defensive behavior. (1980). [Approach-Approach] [Avoidance-Avoidance] [Approach-Avoidance] A few decades ago, Kurt Lewin proposed his famous typology of conflicts. Aversive prediction error signals in the amygdala. Stage 1: computation of aversive value in the amygdala-PAG circuit. The site is secure. (2008). When good things go bad: the reflex physiology of defense. The negative consequences often are only imagined so that it is frequently the . Research pertaining to approach and avoidance conflicts has been extended into implicit motives, both abstract and social in nature. Proactive Interference: Examples | What is Proactive Interference? McNaughton and Corr (2004) and Bach and Dayan (2017) focus on threat-specific systems, autonomic (sympathetic) arousal and their influences on approach-avoid behaviors. Anterior cingulate activity during error and autonomic response. This leads, in addition to bradycardia, to physical immobility (Nijsen et al., 1998; Bradley et al., 2001, 2005, 2008; Roelofs et al., 2010; Hermans et al., 2013; Hagenaars et al., 2014; Lw et al., 2015; Gladwin et al., 2016; Bublatzky et al., 2017). However, as they drew closer to actually launching the business, the negative aspects would become more apparent; the person would acknowledge that it would require much effort, time, and energy from other aspects of their life. Both neuroimaging work on humans, and translational studies with the greater specificity and causal testing allowed by animal methods such as optogenetics, can help to explore the interactions postulated by the model. Striatal structure and function predict individual biases in learning to avoid pain. Improving emotional-action control by targeting long-range phase-amplitude neuronal coupling. Complications of Immobility in the Elderly. 303 lessons Stage 3: switch to action in perigenual ACC. Tovote P., Esposito M. S., Botta P., Chaudun F., Fadok J. P., Markovic M., et al. - The Five Steps of the Negotiation Process, Approach-Approach Conflict: Definition & Examples, Approach-Avoidance Conflict: Definition & Examples, What Is Binding Arbitration? APPROACH - AVOIDANCE CONFLICT: "A person feels anxious in an approach- avoidance conflict because they do not know whether to weigh the positive aspects of a situation more heavily than the adverse aspects of the situation when making a decision." Related Psychology Terms Comparison of Assessment Tools The freezing response may thus play a role particularly in circumstances where instrumental approach/avoidance actions may be possible, and where taking such actions may improve outcomes (accounting for the costs and benefits of action consequences) compared to automatic defensive reactions. These techniques can potentially be used to test causal predictions of the model by increasing or decreasing synchronization between structures. Abstract. (2017). This means that pathways involved in value integration overlap with pathways involved in threat detection and may thereby play a role in integrating the current bodily state (i.e., sympathetic vs. parasympathetic activation) and the value of the outcome (i.e., threat vs. reward). Williams, A.J. We have reviewed substantial evidence of the relationship between threat-induced bodily states and decision making. In this article, I will explain how approach avoidance conflict works, the factors that play a role, and the ways to combat it. Dr. Ken Tangen gives a quick overview of Dollard & Miller's do. Under threat of shock, heightened bradycardia was observed, which was associated with an increase in immobility measured using a stabilometric force platform. Medical Definition of approach-approach conflict. The name comes from the advantages of the goal making the person want to approach the goal and the disadvantages making him or her want to avoid it. Representation of aversive prediction errors in the human periaqueductal gray. Lastly, it remains unknown what the neural implementation is of the effect of bodily states on decision-making. specifically, these theories propose that the approach/avoidance tendencies of different emotions are distinct from (though possibly correlated with) their positive/negative valence, and point. (1995). The negative consequences often are only imagined so that it is frequently the patterning of fear that creates the problem. All authors were supported by a consolidator grant from the European Research Council (772337: DARE2APPROACH), awarded to KR and testing the currently proposed model. Comparison and integration of values across potential rewards and threat of aversive outcomes is thought to take place in the ACC, particularly the dorsal part. Mobbing calls are emitted mainly by conflicting tendencies of approach-avoidance of potential predators. Fear bradycardia and activation of the human periaqueductal grey. Learn what makes this type of conflict unique, the importance of finding an equilibrium after weighing the pros and cons of a decision, and examine examples of approach-avoidance conflict. The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Distraction is considered to be a subtle form of avoidance behavior. A freezing-like posture to pictures of mutilation. Bach and colleagues have developed tasks where the approach-avoidance conflict involved potentially winning or losing points (Bach et al., 2014; Bach, 2015). Human defensive freezing is associated with acute threat coping, long term hair cortisol levels and trait anxiety. The main impetus for 'modern' intensive animal production occurred after the Second World War, when Western governments developed policies to increase the availability of cheap, safe food for their populations. Schematic of Threat State/Value Integration (TSI) Model, with neural structures and functions involved in approach-avoidance action decisions under threat and illustrative map of locations within the brain. The probability of an approach response is modelled here using a softmax function on values of reward and punishment, plus a dummy variable indicating whether the mode of response is active or passive in the current context. 1. Aupperle R. L., Melrose A. J., Francisco A., Paulus M. P., Stein M. B. On the other hand, they might avoid proposing due to the negative aspects of marriage. An example of this might be an individual making a decision about taking a job that possesses both . Mobbs D., Hagan C. C., Dalgleish T., Silston B., Prvost C. (2015). Tonic immobility looks calm but is really frightened . Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. It has five stages: Activating event or situation, Beliefs, Consequences, Disputation of the beliefs and Effective new approach to dealing with the problem. Activation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray reduces locomotion but not mean arterial pressure in awake, freely moving rats. Approach-avoidance occurs when an individual moves closer to a seemingly desirable object, only to have the potentially negative consequences of contacting that object push back against the closing behavior. For example, it is known that older patients who are immobile are more likely to lose some of their capacity to perform activities of daily living during their stay in hospital. Pitknen A., Savander V., LeDoux J. E. (1997). Step 2: Advantages highlighted or disadvantages criticized. (1) At the stage of threat assessment, freezing may be associated with increased assessment of the aversive value of the current situation (higher value of ), resulting in a lower likelihood of an approach action for a given reward-punishment balance. Approach-avoidance relationship refers to the conflict that arises when the individual makes strides towards their goal which causes anxiety related to the negative consequences but if they choose to withdraw the more they are motivated or the more they desire their goals. Grossman N., Bono D., Dedic N., Kodandaramaiah S. B., Rudenko A., Suk H.-J., et al. 1Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Mobility A state of physical being in which the person can autonomously change or cope in response to different moods, feelings, emotions, needs, conditions, influences; being flexible or adaptable to the physical and social world. Step 4: The decision or indecision. Of those, freezing could be continued into inaction (top arrow, resulting in passive approach or avoidance) and fight/flight into approach/avoidance behavior (bottom arrow) without the need to override the prepotent action tendency. Evidence for the notion that threat-anticipatory freezing may directly influence value computations of the approach-avoidance decision comes from studies in humans showing a relationship between bradycardia and decision-making. Evolutionary aspects of anxiety disorders. 0 Schmidt CRISIS EVENT: Identify and describe briefly the crisis situation: [6], "Examining the Role of the Human Hippocampus in Approach-Avoidance Decision Making Using a Novel Conflict Paradigm and Multivariate Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Approach-avoidance_conflict&oldid=1117950995, This page was last edited on 24 October 2022, at 11:52. | 1 This study replicated previous findings showing a relationship between bradycardia and faster responding. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. This apparently simple event of novelty initiates an approach-avoidance conflict. Neural dynamics of shooting decisions and the switch from freeze to fight. We expected that attachment orientation would predict motives for touch, and that motives for daily touch would predict daily relationship well-being. Blanchard D. C., Griebel G., Pobbe R., Blanchard R. J. Contributions of the central extended amygdala to fear and anxietycontributions of the central extended amygdala to fear and anxiety. 1,2 Management of immobility in the elderly hospital population is key in ensuring . (Left) During the decision-making phase, participants have 4 s to move the avatar (by moving a joystick) to a position that accurately reflects their preference between the two potential outcomes. However, you also learn that you will be required to work an additional ten hours per week and travel out of town one weekend per month. 0000009407 00000 n Figure 2 illustrates these three decision stages through which freezing possibly affects the decision-making process (paths 13). xb```f``:6Abl@IbQWg4zVPT` ll(f>yX l[fF;x8Xn1%2*3LTya Vta 0. Neuroethological studies of fear, anxiety, and risky decision-making in rodents and humans. 0000004240 00000 n Balance in ambivalence is achieved. Before Intra-ACC connections to the perigenual region may then activate sympathetic responses to facilitate the chosen behavior, an idea supported by cytoarchitectural studies showing dense dorsal-perigenual ACC connections in monkeys supporting valenced responses to stimuli and initiation of active responses (Morecraft et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2018). People go back and forth trying to make a decision. Specialized functional pathways are the building blocks of the autonomic nervous system. (2015). A recent human study found connectivity between the pgACC, amygdala and PAG related to the switch from freeze to action (Hashemi et al., 2019a). B., Medina S., ODaly O., et al. For example, stronger freezing responses have been associated with preferential processing of low over high spatial frequency features of a visual stimulus (Lojowska et al., 2015, 2018) and reduced visual exploration of non-threat-relevant stimulus features (Rsler and Gamer, 2019). {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons Organization of intra-amygdaloid circuitries in the rat: an emerging framework for understanding functions of the amygdala. When the switch from threat-anticipatory freezing to an action is made, parasympathetic withdrawal shifts the net balance of autonomic activity to sympathetic dominance, marked by tachycardia (Paton et al., 2005; Vila et al., 2007; Roelofs, 2017; Hashemi et al., 2019a). The sample comprised of 400 secondary school students from ordinary high school in Selangor state. Avoidance coping involves trying to avoid stressors rather than dealing with them. Klaassen F. H., Held L., Figner B., OReilly J. X., Klumpers K., de Voogd L. D., et al. KR: writing, reviewing, editing, and giving final approval. For example, if a person wants to eat a cake . Taken together, the BNST is anatomically very well placed to influence approach-avoidance decision making. To date, relatively little research has investigated the influence of threat-anticipatory freezing and parasympathetic dominance on value-based decisions in threatening contexts, although recent work has specifically tested this link (Klaassen et al., 2021discussed in the section The Threat State/Value Integration Model: A New Theoretical Neural Framework of Anticipatory Freezing on Approach-Avoidance Decisions Under Threat). We therefore provided a comprehensive neurocomputational account, the Threat State/Value Integration (TSI) Model, to integrate threat-induced bodily states with value-based decision-making models and generate concrete testable hypotheses. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (2001). Browning M., Behrens T. E., Jocham G., OReilly J. X., Bishop S. J. As the person nears the goal they feel a pull from the disadvantage side. Role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the control of blood pressure: descending pathways to medullary cardiovascular nuclei. Hagura N., Haggard P., Diedrichsen J. chrysler aspen 4wd system; cucm shutdown procedure; Newsletters; ucsf phd admission; allen county lockup number; walmart point system 2022; xanax erowid trip report The third potential avenue of influence may lie in the switch from passive anticipation to action (approach/avoidance). Despite a potential role of threat-anticipatory freezing in value-based decision-making, current models of approach-avoidance decisions generally do not take bodily states of the decision maker into account. data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAAB4CAYAAAB1ovlvAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAnpJREFUeF7t17Fpw1AARdFv7WJN4EVcawrPJZeeR3u4kiGQkCYJaXxBHLUSPHT/AaHTvu . This demonstrates that response initiation integrally involves the effort cost of behavior rather than being simply an output of higher-level decisions. Effectively responding to a threatening situation poses a dilemma with ancient evolutionary origins: our survival may be at stake if we make a wrong decision. Roy M., Shohamy D., Daw N., Jepma M., Wimmer G. E., Wager T. D. (2014). government site. Through intra-amygdala connections between BLA and the central nucleus (CeA), and projections from the CeA to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), hypothalamus, and rostral ventrolateral medulla, phasic autonomic activation is initiated. In situations where freezing allows action preparation, it may in fact be associated with reduced action cost and bias toward active responding. Approach-avoidance theories describe the major systems that motivate behaviours in reaction to classes of appetitive (rewarding) and aversive (punishing) stimuli. The AAT constitutes one form of cognitive bias modification (CBM), which has been shown to be particularly effective in the field of behavioral addictions, such as alcohol addiction (Eberl et al., 2013 .
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